Nursing Measures For Complications Of Fracture Patients And Gypsum Fixation

Overview of Fractures
Fractures are the interruption or loss of bone integrity or continuity caused by trauma, often related to direct or indirect violence, muscle strain, cumulative strain, and skeletal diseases.
Pathogenic causes of fractures
1. Direct violence
Fractures occur in the area directly affected by violence.
2. Indirect violence
Violence can cause distant fractures through conduction, leverage, or rotational action.
3. Muscle tension
The muscles suddenly contract violently, which can break the bone at the attachment of the muscles.
4. Accumulated strain
Long term, repeated, and mild direct or indirect injuries (such as long-distance marching) can occur at a certain point in the bone, causing fractures that do not shift but heal slowly.
Classification of fractures
1. Classification based on the cause of the disease
(1) Traumatic fracture: The direct or indirect action of violence on the injured area causes a fracture.
(2) Pathological fractures: Fractures caused by osteomyelitis, bone tumors, and other factors that can cause bone destruction and occur under mild external forces.
2. Classification based on whether the fracture site is connected to the outside world
(1) Closed fracture: The skin or mucosa at the fracture site is intact and not connected to the outside world.
(2) Open fracture: The skin or mucosa near the fracture ruptures, and the fracture site is open to the outside world.
3. Classification based on the condition of the fracture line
(1) Incomplete fracture: The integrity or continuity of the bone is only partially interrupted. Such as crack fractures, green branch fractures, etc.
(2) Complete fracture: The fracture line passes through the periosteum and bone, causing complete separation of the fracture end.
4. Classification based on the stability of the fracture end
(1) Stable fracture: Those who are less prone to re displacement after proper external fixation after reduction are called stable fractures, such as fissure fractures, green branch fractures, embedded fractures, transverse fractures, etc.
(2) Unstable fractures: Those who are prone to re displacement after reduction are referred to as unstable fractures, such as oblique fractures, spiral fractures, comminuted fractures, etc.
5. Classification based on the anatomical location of the fracture on the bone
(1) Fracture of the shaft: Refers to a fracture in the shaft of a long tubular bone.
(2) Intraarticular fracture: A fracture where the fracture line affects the surface of the joint (joint capsule).
(3) Dry end fracture: refers to a fracture of the dry ester part at both ends of a long bone. When the fracture line affects the joint surface, it is an intra articular fracture.
(4) Fracture dislocation: refers to the coexistence of a fracture and adjacent joint dislocation.
(5) Bone damage: Refers to the involvement of children's bones.
(6) Cartilage fracture: It is a special type of intra articular fracture that requires the use of arthroscopy or MRI examination to be diagnosed.